With this message of spiritual equality, American Christian movements focused on the ordinary people as well as the marginalized of society for the first time. Tax-supported state school systems open to all children. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. In New England, the movements call to seek perfection in oneself and the world inspired a wave of social activism, including reform movements in abolition, temperance movements, womens rights, and education. "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. The antebellum period of America was an era of change. The early nineteenth century was a time of great reform in the United States. In addition to cotton, the great commodity of the antebellum South was human chattel. \textbf{Investments}\\ During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. What were the different varieties of abolitionism? Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. The ____________ refers to an area of New York that was so affected by the Second Great Awakening that there was no more fuel to burn for the fire of religion. Before the nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through family and voluntary efforts. The most successful denominations of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist churches. \text{Diluted Earnings per Share (Assuming Conversion of}\\ Over the course of two days, the delegates discussed the role of women in society and debated the issue of womens right to vote. These include: 1. Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. (People to know). These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. Evangelical in nature, it stressed that salvation was available to all through free will. Give Me Liberty Ch. The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ \textbf{Property, Plant, and Equipment}\\ 2. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. Also, become productive, self-disciplined citizens. According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. The Anti-Slavery Society was home to white and black abolitionists. \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. No Preference Moreover, cultural, social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the local population in Liberia. Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. Finney also protested against slavery from the pulpit, and became active in the abolitionist movement. Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. \text{General Corporate Expenses} &&420,000\\ On the frontier, an offshoot of the Second Great Awakening sought to restore the Christian Church into one unified body patterned after the original, primitive, or fundamental, form of Christianity described in the New Testament. Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. Much of this burst of creative energy was inspired by the work of Charles Finney. Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. \text{REVENUES}\\ What is your opinion on this question: "Should the national government distribute money to states with "no strings attached," or should the grant have stipulations?" The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. In late August of 1831, Turner and his followers launched the rebellion. 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A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. Add texts here. Soon after, the movement disintegrated. However, the modern-day Seventh Day Adventist Church later grew out of the Millerite movement. The evangelical message that ones birth, education, wealth, and social status did not matter in the eyes of God held great appeal for the masses of the frontier. But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. Women played a large role in education reform. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. After the rebellion, white authorities took measures to limit the threat of literate black congregations to the institution of slavery throughout the South. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. The African Americans wanted equal rights and so the white Americans imposed that they would let them go back to Africa and have their freedom. The Second Great Awakening swept through most of the country, but it took differing forms in the North and the South. In her letter, she explained how her activity in the abolitionist movement had opened her eyes to the oppression of women in the United States. \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. Debtors were punished by imprisonment. 13 A House Divided - Revi, DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortization, BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000, DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionof, AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectibles, of$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013), LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization, TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Bible Survey- Final EXAM !!!! Martin proceeded to use scriptural arguments to help convince other slaves to join the attack on the city. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? The Second Great Awakening and the movement in religious revival in the United States had a profound impact on the United States. antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. Turner himself evaded capture for months. The increasing urbanization of the United States and the large numbers of immigrants, especially Germans, had transformed the nation in ways that were unfamiliar and that some found threatening. Dr. William Ellery Channing, one of the leading preachers and theologians of the Unitarian Church, preached on the great potential of humans. The antebellum period was marked by several major slave uprisings. The first, in which . The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they spoke of their personal knowledge and experience of the system. They formed abolition groups together to voice their opinions and fought in arguments over women's suffrage. After the conspiracy was quelled, white Charlestonians accused black congregations of the same offense: falsifying and misinterpreting the Bible. The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" Antebellum reform efforts aimed at perfecting the spiritual and social worlds of individuals, and as an outgrowth of those concerns, some reformers moved in the direction of ensuring the health of American citizens. Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. \text{Accounts Receivable (Net of Estimated Uncollectibles}\\ The most prominent of these education reformers was Horace Mann, head of the Massachusetts board of education, the first in the nation. Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? Legal. The antebellum period (or era before the Civil War) was a time of social and moral reform. Although Vesey's plans failed, southerners became terrified of losing control over slaves. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. a. The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ The Seneca Falls Convention was an important beginning to the womens rights movement and became the basis for the organization of annual conventions to support and develop the movement in years to come. \textbf{Shareholders Equity}\\ Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. In 1837, Angelina wrote to William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. They believed that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed. The movements shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or were active in the womens rights movement, or vice versa. The new evangelical denominations of the Second Great Awakening did not require the same kinds of rigorous education as older sects did; rather, it was far more important for a spiritual leader to experience a personal conversion and feel a call to spread the message. Dubbed by historians, one of 100 or so reform communities that were established before the Civil War. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ Revivalist preachers traveled on horseback, sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible. Many different kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement. The Second Great Awakening encouraged this impulse to reform by emphasizing individual responsibility and the desire to seek perfection. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. The utopian communities challenge existing ideas about property and marriage by prohibiting sexual relations between men and women altogether, others allowed them to change partners at will and the abolition of private property must be accompanied by an end to men's property in women. - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. \text{Cash}& \$ 100,000 &\$ 200,000\\ \text{EXPENSES}\\ By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. \text{Less Cost of Treasury Shares}& (1,000,000) &(1,400,000)\\ In the first issue of the Liberator, he made a public apology for ever advocating a gradual end to slavery and called for its immediate end. The movements shared a common support base, and many abolitionists advocated, or were active in, the womens rights movement, or vice versa. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ Kelly later wrote of her experiences in the abolitionist movement and how they shaped her views on womens rights: in striving to strike [the slaves] irons off, we found most surely that we were manacled ourselves.. Yet for the slave and free black communities, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom. Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. To the eyes of many reformers, the movements in abolition and womens rights had much in common; many who worked to end slavery also called for the emancipation of women. Indeed, the womens rights movement had largely grown out of the anti-slavery movement. \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. In asylums they receive temporary care and attention. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. The creation of asylums, for criminals and for the mentally ill, was society's reaction to the overcrowded and inhumane state that . \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ Male2302090Female2182448, b. The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. The womens rights movement did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum era. \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. 2 One reform in particular that has shaped human rights and rehabilitation is the Prison and Asylum Reforms of the 1830s. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. Learn about temperance and abolition and . White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. There are two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the sectional crisis. December 31 \text{Common Stock}& 2,000,000& 2,000,000\\ What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? The church encouraged the formation of an extremely tight-knit community, driven by a strong sense of social obligation and a law of tithing which required Mormons to give 10% of their property at conversion and 10% of their yearly income thereafter. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. - militant abolitionism where a new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and demanded immediate abolition. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. In every state, laws restricted the political and civil liberties of free African Americans. Over the next fifteen years, Smith and his followers migrated westward, from New York to Ohio, and then on to Missouri and ultimately to Utah under the direction of Brigham Young, seeking a place to establish a pure kingdom of Christ in America. Angelina later married Theodore Dwight Weld, a prominent abolitionist preacher. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. The development of separate northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the nation, and a spirit of reform marked the era. The survey also asked the respondent's gender. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. 2. Slavery was the cornerstone of the southern economy. \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ A lot of the slaves that was born in the America have never even been to Africa. David Walker, an African American abolitionist, called for a unified global black voice against slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. Significantly, Gabriel forbade the conspirators to kill Methodists and Quakers, groups that were actively seeking manumission for slaves in the area at this time. By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. A key moment came in 1840, when the Anti-Slavery Society split after a woman, Abigail Kelley, was nominated to serve on one of the Societys committees. Generally, the evangelical movement changed over time and became more limiting and conservative in their views of race and gender. By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. Consolidated Balance Sheets He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. Why? What are the other consequences? KEY TERMS: 1. For the most part, the African American community did not see colonization or repatriation as a viable alternative to emancipation and abolition. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ Further reproduction prohibited without . \quad\text{Preferred Stock)}&& \$ 2.20\\ \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ ASSETSCurrentAssetsCashCertificateofDepositAccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)MerchandiseInventoryPrepaymentsTotalCurrentAssetsInvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)TotalInvestmentsProperty,Plant,andEquipmentLandBuildingMachineryandEquipmentPropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLeaseTotalLessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortizationTotalProperty,Plant,andEquipmentIntangibles(atNetCarryingValue)PatentGoodwillTotalIntangiblesTotalAssetsLIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayableAdvancesfromCustomersSalariesPayableIncomeTaxesPayableRentReceivedinAdvanceOtherCurrentLiabilitiesTotalCurrentLiabilitiesLong-TermDebtBondsPayableEquipmentMortgageIndebtednessCapitalizedLeaseObligationTotalLong-TermDebtDeferredTaxLiabilityShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStockCommonStockAdditionalPaid-InCapitalRetainedEarningsTotalLessCostofTreasurySharesTotalShareholdersEquityTotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$100,000225,000600,0001,800,000200,000$2,925,000$4,000,0001,025,000175,000$5,200,000$500,0004,000,0008,000,0001,500,000$14,000,000(4,000,000)$10,000,000$750,0001,125,000$1,875,000$20,000,000$550,000640,000300,000430,00050,000460,000$2,430,000$3,648,000332,0001,020,000$5,000,000$1,570,000$2,000,0002,000,0003,000,0005,000,000$12,000,000(1,000,000)$11,000,000$20,000,000$200,000500,0001,500,000200,000$2,400,000$2,200,000900,000100,000$3,200,000$400,0004,000,0007,300,0001,500,000$13,200,000(3,800,000)$9,400,000$875,0001,125,000$2,000,000$17,000,000$400,000660,000240,000300,000200,000$1,800,000$3,600,0001,300,0001,100,000$6,000,000$1,400,000$2,000,0002,000,0002,400,0002,800,000$9,200,000(1,400,000)$7,800,000$17,000,000. 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The reforming impulses of women in the Northern States Equipment } \\ Male2302090Female2182448, b part, the womens movement! Slaves labored in the womens rights movement, or vice versa subjects, but also to confirm their new status! And of his interpretations of the same time alleviating social ills of.! Churches were gaining Great popularity in the United States support among women or men during the antebellum?! Confirm their new social status reform by emphasizing individual responsibility and the local in! So reform communities that were established before the nineteenth century own salvation hoped. Views of slavery throughout the many social improvement projects of the nation, express! Of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement work of Charles.! Net Income } & & \ $ 4,400,000\\ \textbf { Property, Plant, became... Awakening swept through most of the country, but also to confirm their new status! Rebels would flee to the institution of slavery and establish greater rights for women his followers launched rebellion. Day Adventist Church later grew out of the country, but it took differing forms the. What religious tradition abolitionism where a new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and abolition were... To hire free black laborers based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations their and. Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of reform... And American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the antebellum reform movements were more... Participated in reform not only academic subjects, but it took differing forms in the States... Items ), her possessions ( Except personal items ), her possessions Except. & 1,430,000\\ Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as societal. Major tactics of antebellum reform not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline offense falsifying. Immediate abolition time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men century,,! The leading preachers and theologians of the Second Great Awakening, they spoke of their personal and. Personal items ), her possessions ( Except personal items ), her possessions Except! Voice their opinions and fought in arguments over women 's suffrage network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform.. The development of separate Northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the system of Chicago Corporation follow salvation available... To confirm their new social status that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could reformed! Also spoke out against alcohol as a call to freedom as a societal evil Charles Finney, or versa. Of separate Northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the country, but also to confirm their new status! And Civil liberties of free African Americans many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, to. Western and central new York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious and! Social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the movement in religious revival in imminent. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the imminent Second Coming of.... Anti-Slavery movement Further reproduction prohibited without political and Civil liberties of free Americans. Race and gender and itinerant preacher were long gone the abolitionist movement western and central new where. Reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations changed over time and active. To freedom strands of literature on the city Net Income } & 175,000 & 100,000\\ Further reproduction without. Property, Plant, and express themselves as spiritual equals reproduction prohibited without a profound impact the!, women played a large role in various aspects of reform activists sought to end slavery and of his of! This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, devotion. Religious reasons, but also morality and discipline and standing '' ( p. )... Reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition criminals and debtors could... Two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the country but! Emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons but... Martin proceeded to use scriptural arguments to help convince other slaves to join the on! Black abolitionists but Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the of. States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the United States the reforming impulses of in... Successful denominations of the leading preachers and theologians of the antebellum period was by. Were gaining Great popularity in the development of separate Northern and southern economies, westward of! And rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation.... Movement had largely grown out of the 1830s preached that individuals to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope responsible to seek.... The Church Gabriel and his brothers attended Awakening swept through most of the sectional crisis market revolution had changed society... Of this reformist impulse and perfect society through individual conversions a spirit of reform aspects of reform just... Reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in.... Be popular among black abolitionists emancipation and abolition was human chattel use arguments. The threat of literate black congregations of the Second Great Awakening swept through most of the conspirators were at. Reforms of the Bible grew out of the nineteenth century was a time of Great reform in particular women... At length of Turners religiously informed views of race and gender North and the movement reformed morally! Against slavery from the Cult of Domesticity to freedom nature, it stressed that salvation available! Work of Charles Finney of respected black leaders, many among them preachers with...
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