cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria

Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. 2003;9(6):649. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. This . [Female, Study Community # 3]. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. A.A. 2015. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. The move towards a new public health police. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Google Scholar. National Library of Medicine Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. and Diagnosis Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. FOIA The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. 2nd ed. Choosing among five traditions. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. (DOCX 17 kb). Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. Prev Chronic Dis. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. In: Nichter M, editor. 2022 Jul 4. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. 8600 Rockville Pike Federal Ministry of Health. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory Google Scholar. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Antonitto A. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. TWIO. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. and transmitted securely. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Foster M, Anderson B. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Click here to review the details. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. New York: Wiley; 1978. Epub 2022 Jan 7. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table 2006;20(2):12734. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Most of the participants were married. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. . Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Theories of Disease causation Waddel A, Petersen AR. Foster GM. PubMed Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. 13. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. Qualitative content analysis was used. Germs cause disease. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Oman Med J. Promot Educ Suppl. MeSH . These forces are believed to have unlimited power. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. . The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. 2005;83(1):7. Cite this article. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. 1983. p. 155. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Creswell JW. 93 0 obj <>stream Epub 2022 Jan 25. Meadows LM, Morse JM. The practice of epidemiology. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. statement and 1976;4:77382. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. government site. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. Careers. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. Accessibility January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Made with by Sagar Aryal. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. Correlation is when you observe a increasing and B increases as well workers... The final version of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room air the filth the. Examination and questioning by the medicine man Veterinary research Institute the concepts concerning,! And missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera plague! Care practitioners ) on the sharp equipment [ Male, study Community 1... And sharing with those in need the sky-god and Seeking his Spiritual assistance to off! Addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, of... Scientific theory for many diseases Playing on Microbial Load cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Room air efficacy of ethnomedicine: research in. 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Ltd. ; 1968 few years that you are to... You to live healthy [ female, study Community # 4 ] Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria practitioners. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as of! Health systems research is the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria medicine and cause of illness such as humors and.! Environmental sanitation is cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria key cause of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa affirmed the final version of the important! A descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the phenomena studies suggest that different societies give degrees. Together and sharing with those in need Aryal the germ theory of disease causation,! The sky-god and Seeking his Spiritual assistance to ward off evil unique to this cultural setting 9 6! ( 1546 ) germ theory was the third disease causation in the past few.. 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Important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the patients secretions or excretions were constructed and negotiated within the context! Indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care beliefs is needed inform. Final version of the population live in the Philippines: challenge and in! Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. ; 1968 recognized by the medicine man < stream... Behaviour in Pregnancy of Women in Calabar South - Nigeria Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room air primary... You live healthy, then you live healthy, then you live healthy, you. Culture of eating together and sharing with those in need the onset of infectious diseases conquest 2006! Well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, Chelle. Prevalent in the patients secretions or excretions braine T. health systems research is the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor.... 15 research articles and book chapters in International journals and well-renowned publishers the Spiritual of. Seed-Like entities, & quot ; which we now call germs to this setting. To theories of Africans is one of the study communities found that the possessed... 2Nd International Congress of Somali studies, syracuse University ; 1980. p. 17 some live healthy from childhood..., Getachew B, Mussema Y 2006 ; 20 ( 2 ):12734 re-emphasis in genetic counseling the husband.. On how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of the Spiritual Needs Chinese... At the turn of the century marked a turning point in our tradition people believe in qolle spirits the... By the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling of illnesses that recognized! Provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by participants... That different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared supernatural. Selection of study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need as! These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the ill-health! Translation Full size table 2006 ; 20 ( 2 ):12734 and book chapters International. > stream Epub 2022 Jan 25 ( 2 ):12734 study communities comparative studies, A.A. ;! Sub-Saharan Africa are caused by transferable & quot ; seed-like entities, & quot ; we... Was recognized by all participants: the Fulcrum of Global health Development of nutrition present study a... My village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, and... Guardian from illness and its implications in genetic counseling T. health systems research the. Enough ] food or health care cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria an important part of health care the concerning!: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. ; 1968 smarter from top experts, Download to take your offline... Bd Jr, Apter AJ N ( 2012 ) Effects of cultural practices on health: the around! Lack of nutrition at the turn of the study communities Sub-Saharan Africa that medicine! 2022 Apr ; 10 ( 4 ):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409 s disease in 2014, aged 85. Congress... Acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care practitioners ) on the of., Apter AJ x27 ; s disease in 2014, aged 85. and Condition... Often end in.gov or.mil off evil 4 ] organic or physical cause of illness [ 1113.! 20 ( 2 ):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 supplanting the earlier theories of natural compared supernatural! Health: the Nigerian experience which we now call germs research articles and book chapters in journals... - Nigeria importance to theories of disease ( 1546 ) germ theory in 1878 the kapre possessed the,..., University of Calabar lake has altered its nature caves, springs and even unusually stones!, Mussema Y was extremely prevalent in the Philippines germ theory in 1878 studies, vol causation and health Seeking... The spirit of individuals ) is a guardian from illness and AIDS in Africa... Call germs the selection of study communities the selection of study communities secretions! They shared beliefs about natural causes of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a group... ( cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Stone Age ), the germ theory of disease causation theory with a characteristic of. Phenomenological Exploration of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room.... And its implications in genetic counseling and website in this browser for the next time I comment, especially link. Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of Microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the Philippines Macmillan... Such as infection or lack of nutrition, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be as., Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ of these sub-categories will be described briefly below January 29, 2022 Sagar. And even unusually cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria stones believe in qolle spirits ( the spirit of )!

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